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建筑賞析|城市的“導航皮膚”——如何給街道裝上“AR游戲地圖”？

發(fā)布于：2025-05-19 11:49:20

首頁/技術(shù)分享/建筑賞析

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城市的“導航皮膚”——如何給街道裝上 “AR 游戲地圖”？第1張圖片

Agora Maximus, Tactical Urbanism Project / LAAB Collective + Signature Design Communication. Image © Raphaël Thibodeau

作為界面的城市：易讀城市如何利用用戶體驗設計重新思考導視系統(tǒng)
The City as Interface: How Legible Cities Rethink Wayfinding Using UX Design

由專筑網(wǎng)Zia，小R編譯

用戶體驗（UX）設計可以使數(shù)字界面更加清晰，易于瀏覽。該學科通過深入了解用戶需求，并繪制圖形來實現(xiàn)這一目標。城市代表著多個用戶體驗的物理界面——居民、游客、不同年齡和性別的人，每個人都在以獨特的方式體驗城市。在數(shù)字界面為無障礙體驗而設計的時代，為什么許多城市仍然在導視系統(tǒng)方面遇到困難？

美國城市規(guī)劃師和作家凱文·林奇（Kevin Lynch）首次創(chuàng)造了“城市易讀性”（urban legibility）一詞，將人們?nèi)绾屋p松理解和瀏覽城市布局的研究正式化。與應用程序和網(wǎng)站一樣，城市環(huán)境需要直觀的設計，通過清晰的路徑、獨特的地標、明確的區(qū)域以及易于識別的節(jié)點或聚集地來實現(xiàn)。這種清晰度能帶來安全感，鼓勵人們探索，并提高居民和游客的整體生活質(zhì)量。

Design disciplines, like user experience (UX) design, have evolved to excel at devising experiences that make digital interfaces navigable. They accomplish this through a deep understanding of user needs and by mapping user journeys with meticulous attention to detail. The city represents a physical interface experienced by multiple users - residents, tourists, people of various ages and genders each experiencing it uniquely. In a time where digital interfaces are crafted for frictionless user experiences, why do many cities remain challenging to navigate?
Kevin Lynch, American urban planner and author, first coined the term "urban legibility" to formalize the study of how easily people can comprehend and navigate a city's layout. Much like apps and websites, urban environments require intuitive designs, achieved through clear pathways, distinctive landmarks, well-defined districts, and easily identifiable nodes or gathering places. This clarity brings a sense of security, encourages exploration, and enhances the overall quality of life for residents and visitors.

城市的“導航皮膚”——如何給街道裝上 “AR 游戲地圖”？第2張圖片

Rachel de Queiroz Park / Architectus S/S. Image © Joana França

布里斯托和南安普頓“易讀城市”等結(jié)構(gòu)化導覽計劃展示了城市對于清晰性的積極提高。布里斯托“易讀城市”的交通、信息和標識項目綜合計劃使這座城市更受歡迎。該項目考慮了用戶在整個旅程中的需求，包括方向指示牌、游客歡迎板、城市和地區(qū)地圖、提供當?shù)匦畔⒌慕庹f、綜合交通信息網(wǎng)絡、藝術(shù)裝置、電話亭、信息亭、交通樞紐市場和社區(qū)出入口。

這些項目的重點是實施統(tǒng)一的標識、清晰的地圖系統(tǒng)和用戶友好型信息，以引導人們有效地瀏覽城市景觀。城市空間設計受用戶體驗設計原則的啟發(fā)，提供了幾種打造易讀城市的方法：

Structured wayfinding initiatives such as Bristol Legible City and Southampton Legible City demonstrate how cities actively enhance their legibility. Bristol Legible City's integrated program of transport, information, and identity projects makes the city more welcoming and "readable." The program considers user needs throughout their entire journey, encompassing directional signs, visitor welcome panels, city and area maps, interpretation points providing local information, an integrated transport information network, an arts program, telephone kiosks, information booths, markets at transport interchanges, and neighborhood gateways.
These projects focus on implementing consistent signage, clear mapping systems, and user-friendly information to guide people effectively through the urban landscape. Strategic spatial design, inspired by UX design principles, offers several approaches to creating a legible city:

層次結(jié)構(gòu)與信息架構(gòu)

Hierarchy & Information Architecture

城市的“導航皮膚”——如何給街道裝上 “AR 游戲地圖”？第3張圖片

Wayfinding in London. Image Courtesy of APPLIED

正如網(wǎng)站采用清晰的標題、菜單和導航流程一樣，一個清晰易讀的城市也會在其導向系統(tǒng)中采用信息分層。這類導航工具優(yōu)先考慮街道名稱和主要地標等基本信息，以合理易懂的形式呈現(xiàn)。街道標志、地圖和數(shù)字交互設施提供了多層次的信息，使用戶能夠快速找到自己所在的位置和所需的信息。

Just as websites employ clear headings, menus, and navigation flows, a legible city employs information hierarchy in its wayfinding systems. Such navigation tools prioritize essential information such as street names and key landmarks, presenting it in a logical and digestible format. Street signs, maps, and digital kiosks offer layers of information, enabling users to quickly locate where they are and what they need.

城市的“導航皮膚”——如何給街道裝上 “AR 游戲地圖”？第4張圖片

New York Subway. Image Courtesy of CityID

南安普頓“易讀城市”指出，人們需要的信息各不相同，這取決于他們的環(huán)境和用戶出行計劃。該市開發(fā)的尋路系統(tǒng)將這些需求分為三個層次：直達（提供從A點到B點的最有效路線）、指引（幫助人們最大限度地利用在城市中的時間）和展示（方便人們探索和發(fā)現(xiàn)城市中隱藏的風景）。

品牌識別設計

視覺或品牌識別對于數(shù)字和物理環(huán)境都至關(guān)重要。在城市地圖、標牌和公共交通中統(tǒng)一使用字體、顏色和符號，可以加強品牌效應，強化城市形象，提高導航的直觀性。

The Southampton Legible City initiative recognizes that people require different information depending on their circumstances and user journeys. The city's wayfinding system was developed to categorize these needs into three levels: Direct (providing the most efficient route from point A to point B), Guide (helping people maximize their time in the city), and Show (facilitating exploration and discovery of the city's hidden treasures).

Branding Identity Design
A visual or brand identity proves essential for both digital and physical environments. Consistent application of fonts, colors, and symbols across city maps, signage, and public transport creates a recognizable brand that reinforces the city's identity and enhances intuitive navigation.

城市的“導航皮膚”——如何給街道裝上 “AR 游戲地圖”？第5張圖片

Bristol Legible City 2.0. Image Courtesy of CityID

布里斯托爾“易讀城市”致力于打造一座“可展示的城市”，優(yōu)先考慮用戶需求。利用公共藝術(shù)提升城市特色，鼓勵探索。藝術(shù)裝置散布在城市的各個角落，使城市更易于理解、記憶和吸引人。

Bristol Legible City strives toward creating a "showcase city" prioritizing user needs. The project leverages public art to enhance the city's character and encourage exploration. Art installations are scattered throughout the urban landscape to make the city more comprehensible, memorabe, and engaging.

用戶反饋機制

User Feedback Loops

城市的“導航皮膚”——如何給街道裝上 “AR 游戲地圖”？第6張圖片

User testing and participatory design workshop. Image Courtesy of CityID

Bristol Legible City 2.0. Image Courtesy of CityID

在數(shù)字領(lǐng)域，用戶反饋推動著設計的迭代改進。在城市環(huán)境中，這可以轉(zhuǎn)化為實時數(shù)字更新，如交通信息、公共交通時刻表、提供個性化導航的互動式信息臺，以及允許用戶報告問題或提出改進建議的移動友好型導航工具。

從靜態(tài)標識到數(shù)字方案的演變進一步改善了城市導航。現(xiàn)在，智能地圖、增強現(xiàn)實（AR）應用和人工智能導航工具可為用戶提供個性化導航。城市正在將實時交通數(shù)據(jù)（包括公交車到達時間、交通狀況和行人分析）納入導視系統(tǒng)，這樣就能對標識和導航建議進行動態(tài)調(diào)整，同時確保用戶獲得最新信息。

通過廣泛的研究和測試，南安普頓以用戶為中心的產(chǎn)品和服務協(xié)調(diào)改善了城市的街景，并在整個旅程中提供相關(guān)信息。在開發(fā)過程中，雷丁大學字體設計與圖形交流系和英國皇家盲人學院對字體和地圖進行了測試和驗證。

In the digital realm, user feedback drives iterative design improvements. In the urban context, this translates to real-time digital updates like traffic information, public transport schedules, interactive kiosks offering personalized directions, and mobile-friendly navigation tools allowing users to report issues or suggest enhancements.
The evolution from static signage to digital wayfinding solutions further improves urban navigation. Smart maps, augmented reality (AR) applications, and AI-powered navigation tools now provide users with personalized guidance. Cities are incorporating real-time transport data—including bus arrival times, traffic conditions, and pedestrian analytics—into their wayfinding systems. This enables dynamic adjustments to signage and navigation recommendations while ensuring users access the most current information.
Drawing from extensive research and testing, user-centered products and services in Southampton deliver coordinated improvements to the city's streetscape and provide relevant information throughout the journey. During development, typefaces and maps underwent testing and verification by the Department of Typography and Graphic Communication at the University of Reading and the Royal National Institute for the Blind.

城市的“導航皮膚”——如何給街道裝上 “AR 游戲地圖”？第8張圖片

Paddington Portable Event Signage. Image Courtesy of Maynard

直觀的導向標識對行人體驗和城市生活有多重益處。清晰、一致的標識和地圖可改善游客、新居民和殘疾人的無障礙環(huán)境，從而使他們更有信心地出行。有標識的城市鼓勵步行探索城市，增加商店、餐館和當?shù)仄髽I(yè)的人流量，從而支持當?shù)亟?jīng)濟并激活公共空間。

步行友好城市還通過宣傳明確的步行時間、安全路線以及與公共交通的連接，鼓勵人們選擇步行和騎自行車等其他積極的交通方式，從而提升公眾健康。南安普頓“步行友好城市”項目通過提供消耗的卡路里和減少的二氧化碳排放量等信息，強調(diào)了步行對健康的益處，進一步激勵人們采用更積極的生活方式。

城市形象和建筑環(huán)境質(zhì)量對當?shù)亟?jīng)濟至關(guān)重要。因此，城市應該作為一個互動系統(tǒng)來運作，讓人們感覺到城市導覽是直觀和易讀的。通過采用用戶至上的城市導航方法，城市規(guī)劃者、設計者和決策者可以打造更方便、更適合步行、更令人愉悅的城市環(huán)境。

Intuitive wayfinding has multiple benefits towards the pedestrian experience and city life. Clear, consistent signage and mapping improve accessibility for tourists, new residents, and inpiduals with disabilities, thereby empowering them to navigate with greater confidence. Legible cities encourage urban exploration on foot, increasing foot traffic in shops, restaurants, and local businesses to support the local economy and activate the public realm.
Legible cities also promote public health by encouraging other active transportation options like walking and cycling by communicating clear walk times, safe routes, and connections to public transport. The Southampton Legible City project highlights the health and fitness benefits of walking by providing information on calories burned and CO2 emissions saved, further motivating people to embrace more active lifestyles.
A city's image and built environment quality are fundamental to its local economy. Therefore, cities ought to function as interactive systems where wayfinding feels as intuitive and approachable. By adopting a user-first approach to city navigation, urban planners, designers, and policymakers can create more accessible, walkable, and enjoyable urban environments.

城市的“導航皮膚”——如何給街道裝上 “AR 游戲地圖”？第9張圖片

A man examines a prototype of a Legible London wayfinding sign in a transit center. . Image Courtesy of APPLIED

Southampton Legible City. Image Courtesy of Maynard

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