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從高技標志到社會住房：預制化不斷演變的作用
From High-Tech Icons to Social Housing: The Evolving Role of Prefabrication
由專筑網Zia，小R編譯
預制是建筑和施工領域極具變革性的創新，它重新定義了建筑物的設計、制造和組裝方式。雖然這并不是一個新概念，但其應用已發展到具有更廣泛的優勢。傳統意義上的預制因其精度和質量而備受推崇，而現在，預制因其成本和時間效率而同樣得到認可，尤其針對勞動力利用和生產的地區差異。這一轉變推動了預制技術在高端設計項目和大型公共建筑中的復蘇。
Prefabrication is one of the most transformative innovations in architecture and construction, redefining how buildings are designed, manufactured, and assembled. While not a new concept, its application has evolved to offer a broader range of advantages. Traditionally valued for its precision and quality, prefabrication is now equally recognized for its cost and time efficiencies, particularly in leveraging regional differences in labor and production. This shift has fueled its resurgence across high-end, design-driven projects and large-scale, cost-efficient public buildings.
預制是推動建筑可能性的動力
Prefabrication as a Driver for Pushing Architectural Possibilities
Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank / Foster + Partners. Image © Baycrest via Wikipedia under license CC BY-SA 2.5 - HSBC
歷史上，預制能夠實現高度的建筑精確性，突破建筑和設計的界限。諾曼-福斯特（Norman Foster）于20世紀80年代完成的香港匯豐銀行總部大樓就是著名的早期例子。該建筑以其高科技現代主義手法而聞名，可與理查德-羅杰斯和倫佐-皮亞諾的蓬皮杜中心相媲美，采用創新的結構原理，創造出引人注目的開放式中央中庭，并完成垂直交通的聯系。這種設計使公共空間能夠無縫銜接外部空間，確保全天候無障礙通行。兩部標志性的自動扶梯與上部相連，這些自動扶梯采用電動系統作為安全屏障，對進出進行管理。此外，機械設備和傳統的建筑核心元素，如樓梯和電梯，都被移到了外部，在展示建筑的高科技美感的同時，最大限度地擴大了內部的開放性。
為了實現這一愿景，包括開創性的結構方法、精密的機械系統和高品質的裝飾，福斯特透露，幾乎每一個建筑構件都是預制的。這些構件在美國、日本和英國制造，然后運到香港現場組裝，因為香港當時缺乏必要的制造技術，就連浴室也是完全組裝好的，包括毛巾架、面盆和其他硬件。通過利用全球專業知識和最先進的制造工藝，福斯特得以實現當時技術最先進的建筑，盡管其成本高昂。如今，匯豐銀行總部仍是香港的標志性建筑，充分體現了預制技術如何將質量、創新和美學完美結合在一起。
Prefabrication has historically been used to achieve a high degree of architectural precision, pushing the boundaries of construction and design. A notable early example is Norman Foster's HSBC Headquarters in Hong Kong, completed in the 1980s. Renowned for its high-tech modernist approach—comparable to Richard Rogers and Renzo Piano's Centre Pompidou—the building employs innovative structural principles to create a striking, open central atrium while elevating itself above ground level. This design allows the public realm to seamlessly flow through its base, ensuring 24/7 accessibility, except two iconic escalators that connect to above. These escalators have a motorized horizontal retractable shutter system, serving as the primary security barrier to regulate access. Additionally, mechanical equipment and traditional building core elements, such as stairs and elevators, are relocated to the exterior edge, showcasing the building's high-tech aesthetic while maximizing interior openness.
To achieve this ambitious vision—including its pioneering structural approach, precision in mechanical systems, and high-quality finishes—Foster revealed that nearly every building component was prefabricated. These components were manufactured in the United States, Japan, and the United Kingdom before being shipped to Hong Kong for on-site assembly, as Hong Kong lacked the necessary fabrication technology at the time. Even the bathrooms arrived as fully assembled units with towel racks, basins, and other hardware. By leveraging global expertise and state-of-the-art manufacturing processes, Foster was able to realize one of the most technologically advanced buildings of its time, despite its high cost. Today, HSBC Headquarters remains a defining architectural landmark in Hong Kong, exemplifying how prefabrication can bring together quality, innovation, and aesthetic refinement.
Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank / Foster + Partners. Image © Wpcpey via Wikipedia under license CC BY 4.0
最近，距離匯豐銀行總部僅幾分鐘路程的另一個項目繼續探索和拓展預制的界限。扎哈-哈迪德（Zaha Hadid）設計的恒基兆業大廈（The Henderson）位于中國銀行大廈和和記黃埔大廈之間，通過與高精度外墻工程和設計專家Seele合作，體現了預制的能力。該建筑的雙曲面玻璃面板長達2×5米，采用了多種涂層，以優化性能和美感。這些玻璃板需要極高的精度，因為每一塊的形狀和設計都是獨一無二的。作為框架的雙曲鋁型材也是定制預制的，以確保無縫對接。這種制造水平只有在場外、受控環境中利用尖端技術才能實現。
More recently, another project within minutes of the HSBC Headquarters continues to explore and expand the boundaries of prefabrication. Zaha Hadid's The Henderson, located between the Bank of China Tower and Hutchison House, exemplifies this approach through a collaboration with Seele, a specialist in high-precision facade engineering and design. The building's double-curved glass panels, measuring up to 2 by 5 meters, incorporate multiple coatings to optimize performance and aesthetics. These panels required extreme precision, as each piece was uniquely shaped and engineered. The double-bent aluminum profiles that frame them were also custom prefabricated to ensure a seamless fit. This level of manufacturing could only have been achieved off-site, in a controlled environment, using cutting-edge technology.
The Henderson / Zaha Hadid Architects. Image © Virgile Simon Bertrand, courtesy of International High-Rise Award
盡管恒基兆業廣場是一座主要為私人客戶服務的辦公樓，但其獨特的外立面對香港的建筑特征至關重要。就像匯豐銀行在20世紀80年代建造的開放式中庭一樣，其令人著迷的雙曲面玻璃造型為香港不斷變化的天際線和建筑理想做出了貢獻。隨著預制技術使設計更加復雜，這些里程碑式的項目展示了預制技術成為精益求精的工具和建筑表達驅動力的潛力。
模塊化集成建筑（MiC）： 效率高于定制
雖然預制建筑最初可能是用來建造突破材料和施工極限的地標性建筑，但現在也有了不同的應用。新一輪的預制建筑浪潮并不是利用先進的制造工藝來提高質量，而是注重效率和成本效益，尤其是在香港的公共住房領域。
Although The Henderson is an office building serving largely private clients, its distinctive façade is critical in defining Hong Kong's architectural identity. Much like HSBC's open atrium in the 1980s, its mesmerizing double-curved glass form contributes to the city's evolving skyline and architectural aspirations. As prefabrication enables ever more intricate and ambitious designs, these landmark projects demonstrate how the technique is a tool for refinement and a driver of architectural expression.
Modular Integrated Construction (MiC): Efficiency Over Customization
While prefabrication may have initially been used to create landmark buildings that push material and construction limits, it is also being deployed in a different context. Rather than leveraging advanced fabrication for superior quality, a new wave of prefabricated construction focuses on efficiency and cost-effectiveness, particularly in Hong Kong's public housing sector.
Crane lifting a wooden building module to its position in the structure. Image © Jarama via Shutterstock
長期以來，香港在提供充足的公共住房方面一直面臨挑戰。由于香港的勞動力成本較高，在低收入地區，越來越多地采用預制技術來生產公寓模塊。這些預制公寓是完整的單元，減少了現場勞動力和施工時間。這樣做有兩方面好處：首先，它加快了公共住房單元的交付速度，解決了供應短缺問題；其次，它降低了成本，使資助計劃能夠為更多的人提供服務。
Hong Kong has long faced challenges in providing adequate public housing. Due to the city's high labor costs, prefabrication is increasingly used to produce apartment modules in regions with lower labor expenses. These prefabricated apartments arrive as nearly complete units, reducing on-site labor and construction time. The result is twofold: first, it accelerates the delivery of public housing units to address supply shortages, and second, it lowers costs, allowing funding initiatives to serve a larger population.
Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank / Foster + Partners. Image © Wpcpey via Wikipedia under license CC BY-SA 4.0
政府已出臺政策，將這些預制單元歸類為模塊化集成建筑（MiC），促進這種方式的發展。模塊化集成建筑包括在場外組裝完全完工的獨立模塊，然后再運輸安裝。香港屋宇署會對 MiC系統進行預先審批，確保其在現場實施前符合施工和安全標準。這種方法大大縮短了項目時間，減少了現場勞動力需求，并最大限度地減少了建筑垃圾。然而，這種方法也引起了人們對設計靈活性以及建筑應對環境和特定用戶群體能力的關注。
平衡效率與靈活性：標準化制造的局限
盡管MiC無可否認地提高了效率，但其局限性也日益明顯。最近在香港建成的一個以MiC 為基礎的公共住宅區就暴露出了對居民的極大限制。由于這些預制單元都預裝了廚房、浴室和隔墻，住戶在改造居住空間時面臨挑戰。如果住戶試圖改動簡單的隔墻，結構問題就會出現，因為改動無論多么細微，都可能損害預制單元的完整性。此外，建筑法規也帶來了額外的障礙——由于MiC單元是經過預先批準的，因此任何改動，無論多么細微，都有可能使其不符合規定。
The government has introduced policies categorizing these prefabricated units under Modular Integrated Construction (MiC) to facilitate this approach. MiC involves assembling fully finished, free-standing modules off-site before transporting them for installation. The Hong Kong Buildings Department grants pre-approval to MiC systems, ensuring compliance with construction and safety standards before on-site implementation. This method significantly shortens project timelines, reduces on-site labor requirements, and minimizes construction waste. However, it also raises concerns regarding design flexibility and architecture's ability to respond to contexts and specific user groups.
Balancing Efficiency and Flexibility: The Limits of Standardized Manufacturing
While MiC offers undeniable efficiency gains, its limitations are becoming increasingly apparent. A recently completed MiC-based public housing complex in Hong Kong has revealed significant constraints for residents. Because these prefabricated units arrive with pre-installed and pre-approved kitchens, bathrooms, and partition walls, occupants face challenges in modifying their living spaces. Structural concerns arise if a resident attempts to alter a simple partitioning wall, as modifications, no matter how minor, could compromise the integrity of the prefabricated unit. Furthermore, building codes present additional hurdles—since MiC units are pre-approved, any alteration could possibly invalidate their compliance status, no matter how minor.
construction residential new house with prefabrication system in progress at building site. Image © Kwangmoozaa via Shutterstock
除了室內改造，MiC嚴格的設計限制使得基本的調整，例如重新安置空調設備，也會成為問題。這些局限性限制了居民根據不斷變化的需求調整住宅的能力，降低了長期靈活性。此外，建筑維護也是另一個挑戰。為工廠生產和大規模制造量身定做的施工方法可能并不適合臨時操作、現場維修。這就提出了一個關鍵問題：這些快速修復、低成本的解決方案是否會最終導致更復雜的長期問題，從而降低其預期效益？
Beyond interior modifications, even basic adjustments—such as relocating an air conditioning unit—can become problematic due to MiC's rigid design constraints. These limitations restrict inhabitants' ability to adapt their homes to evolving needs, reducing long-term flexibility. Additionally, building maintenance presents another challenge. Construction methods tailored for factory production and large-scale manufacturing may not be well-suited for hands-on, ad-hoc, on-site repairs. This raises a critical question: Will these quick-fix, low-cost solutions ultimately lead to more complex long-term issues, diminishing their intended benefits?
Modern prefabricated tiny house being built inside a factory. Image © Anatoliy Cherkas via Shutterstock
此外，隨著MiC的發展，建筑師也面臨著不斷變化的職業環境。傳統上，建筑師是建筑從概念到完工整個過程中的核心；然而，MiC依賴于預先批準、大規模生產的模塊，這對這一框架提出了挑戰。其他地方的政府政策優先考慮快速、大規模、低成本的建筑，尤其是公共住房，這有可能使建筑設計淪為標準化的重復流程。每一棟MiC社會住房建筑都很像一個 “cookie-cutter ”工廠模具，無論其位置、地塊條件和社區特點如何，都將是一樣的外觀和建造方式，這與香港匯豐銀行總部的獨特性和高度定制化大相徑庭。
Moreover, as MiC gains traction, architects face an evolving professional landscape. Traditionally, architects have been central in shaping buildings from concept to completion; however, MiC's reliance on pre-approved, mass-produced modules challenges this framework. Government policies prioritizing rapid, large-scale, low-cost construction elsewhere—particularly for public housing—risk reducing architectural design to a standardized, repetitive process. Every social housing MiC building will be much like a cookie-cutter factory mold - irrelevant of its location, site condition, and community characteristics, it will all look the same and be built the same, much contrary to the unique and highly customized HSBC headquarters in Hong Kong.
WELCOMEPROJECT's The Breadbox ADU. Image © Los Angeles Department of Building and Safety
與此形成鮮明對比的是加利福尼亞州，建筑師與政策制定者之間的合作促成了一種更具包容性的預制模式。該州的附屬住宅單元（ADUs）預審程序允許各種規模的公司（包括中小型事務所）提供多樣化的設計方案，而不是將該程序局限于大型制造商。希望繞過冗長審批時間的居民可以選擇預先批準的ADU，并直接與建筑師合作完善他們的項目。通過將效率與建筑創新相結合，加利福尼亞州確保預制增強而不是限制設計的靈活性和城市結構的發展。
A contrasting approach can be found in California, where collaboration between architects and policymakers has led to a more inclusive prefabrication model. The state's pre-approval process for Accessory Dwelling Units (ADUs) allows firms of all sizes—including small and medium-sized practices—to contribute perse design solutions, rather than limiting the process to large-scale manufacturers. Residents who wish to bypass lengthy approval times can select a pre-approved ADU and engage directly with architects to refine their project. By integrating efficiency with architectural innovation, California ensures that prefabrication enhances, rather than restricts, design flexibility and the evolution of the urban fabric.
A Model of SO-IL's Pebblehouse. Image © Los Angeles Department of Building and Safety
預制和特定場地設計：持續的挑戰
標準化預制的最大挑戰之一是保持場地的特殊性。建筑設計歷來以對環境、文化和文脈因素的回應為根基，然而預制模塊的大規模生產卻有可能忽略這些細微差別。如果每一個組件都是為了適應統一的系統而設計，那么由相同的房間、單元和飾面組成的全預制建筑又如何能真正與周圍環境融為一體呢？
Prefabrication and Site-Specific Design: A Persistent Challenge
One of the most significant challenges of standardized prefabrication is maintaining site specificity. Architecture has traditionally been rooted in responding to environmental, cultural, and contextual factors, yet the mass production of prefabricated modules risks overlooking these nuances. How can a fully prefabricated building—composed of identical rooms, units, and finishes—truly engage with its surroundings if every component is designed to fit a uniform system?
Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank / Foster + Partners. Image © WiNG via Wikipedia under license CC BY 3.0 - HSBC
雖然預制和模塊化集成建筑（MiC）在速度、成本效益和可持續性方面具有顯著優勢，但它們的廣泛采用要求對設計流程進行嚴格的重新評估。城市和政府必須確保效率不會犧牲建筑的完整性和適應性。建筑師需要倡導一種平衡的方法——既能接受預制的優勢，又能保持設計質量、場地響應能力和長期的宜居性。
While prefabrication and Modular Integrated Construction (MiC) offer significant advantages in speed, cost efficiency, and sustainability, their widespread adoption demands a critical reassessment of design processes. Cities and governments must ensure that efficiency does not sacrifice architectural integrity and adaptability. Architects must advocate for a balanced approach—one that embraces the benefits of prefabrication while preserving design quality, site responsiveness, and long-term livability.
The Henderson / Zaha Hadid Architects. Image © CosmoScube
The Henderson / Zaha Hadid Architects. Image © MIR
The Henderson / Zaha Hadid Architects. Image © Arqui9
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